King Mongkut adopted the policy to open the country and welcome western civilization along side with free trade with foreign countries. Intiated by the British envoy headed by Sir John Bowring who came to sign the treaty of 1855, as a result of which state monopoly on trade was abolished once and for all. To compensate for the loss, however, the existing tax collection system operated by authorized Chinese proved to prosper even more simultaneously the Chinese came to play am important role as go betweens in the rapidly growing trade with the West besides, the free trade scheme proved to generate a higher demand on labor required in the manufacturing of export goods. All these meant that great opportunities were awaiting the Chinese who came flocking to Thailand looking for jobs, which in turn gave rise to fierce competition centering around labor management, as evidenced the emergence of numerous small-sized 'family' circles that eventually evolved into the so-called secret societies. Given the constant clashes involving these. Given the constant clashes involving these, the government was compelled to impose a measure to better control the Chinese community, i.e. to appoint a Chinese affairs administrator who acted as advisor on lawsuits involving the Chinese.With the expansion of the capital city to the east through Phadung Krungkasem Canal which served as outer city moat, Sampheng became a community within the city. Situated on Bangkok's first modern road named Charoen Krung, or new Road, the Chinese commercial enterprises in the area trived even further. Situation in China China's defeat in the first Opium War gave rise to rebellious Taiping movements against Qing which spread to many provinces during the period 1850 - 1860. Due to the emperor's stringent move to subdue the rebels, large number of people fled to find refuge abroad. As the Second Opium War against the western superpower erupted during 1856 - 1860, China was again defeated and forced to open many more ports to facilitate trade with foreign countries as well as abolish the law prohibiting its citizens from traveling abroad, thereby legalizing the export of Chinese labor. The official launching of Swatow as a seaport in 1861 proved to stimulate an even greater influx of the Teochews into countries in Southeast Asia, Thailand included.
Steamships sailing Chao Phraya River in Bangkok
steamship
Bangkok Harbour
Steamships sailing Chao Phraya River in Bangkok
Steamships sailing Chao Phraya River in Bangkok
steamshipBangkok Harbour
Steamships sailing Chao Phraya River in Bangkok
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